الجمعة، 25 مارس 2011

Reported Speech and the Formal.

Reported speech.
Quoted  speech

She said that(she) watched TV
She said, "I watch TV every day"
1
She said she was watching  TV
She said," I'm watching TV"
2
She said she had watched TV
She said," I watched TV"
3
She said she would watch TV
She said," I will watch TV"
4
She said she was going to watch TV
She said," I'm going to watch TV" 
5
She said she had watch TV
She said," I have watched  TV"
6
She said she had been watching TV
She said," I was  watching TV"
7
She said she ought to watch TV
She said," I ought to watch TV"
8
She told me to watch TV
She said," Watch TV"
9
She told me not to watch TV
She said, "Don't watch TV"
10
Verb change تحويلات الأفعال
Reported speech
Quoted speech
Past simple
Present simple
Past perfect
Past simple
Past continuous
Present continuous
Past perfect continuous
Past continuous
Past perfect
Present perfect
Past perfect
Past perfect
         
Reported speech
Quoted speech
was
am
was
is
Were
are
had been
was
had been
were
did
do
Did
does
had done
did
had
has
Had
have
had had
had
Could
can
Would
will
Should
shall
had to
must
had to
have to
had to
has to
يبقى كما هو
الماضي من modals
هناك ثلاثة أنواع من التحويلات:
1-      تحويل الجمل الخبرية ويكون كالتالي:
  نبدأ الجملة ب he said (that)   
  نحول الضمائر كما في القواعد السابقة إن وجدت
  نحول تصريف الفعل كما في القواعد السابقة
  نحول تعابير الزمان إٍٍنْ وجدت
2-      تحويل الأسئلة وهي نوعان:
  أ- wh- questions حيث غالبا ما نبدأ التحويل ب
He asked + wh + subject + verb(s) + sentence complement
        ب- yes, no questions        حيث غالبا ما نبدأ التحويل ب
      He asked if + subject + verb(s)+ sentence complement
3-       تحويل الأمر command/request
He told (pronoun)+to infinitive+ sentence complement الأمر المثبت.
He told (pronoun)+(not)to infinitive+ sentence complement الأمر المنفي.
Study these examples.
1- I am a teacher.
   He said (that) he was a teacher.
2- This table is being sold now.
  He said that table was being sold then.
3- What's your name?
  He asked what my name was.
4- Are you studying English now?
  He asked if I was studying English then.

http://english-eg.blogspot.com/


Conditionals
Type zero
meaning
main clause
If clause
Generally true
Scientific law
It turns to system
If the temperature of water rises to 100 C
الترتيب ألقواعدي
Subject+verb(present)
If + subject+verb (present)

لاحظ أن type zero  لا يحتوي على will أو أي modal آخر.
Type 1
meaning
main clause
If clause
May happen if something happens first
Will people like us keep coming?
If the sea keeps shrinking
الترتيب ألقواعدي
Subject+will +verb(infinitive)
If + subject+verb (present)
Type 2
meaning
main clause
If clause
Unreal or imaginary now or in the future
We would have to walk two kilometers to the water.
If we were at a Dead Sea hotel now
الترتيب ألقواعدي
Subject+would +verb(infinitive)
If + subject+verb (past)
Type 3
meaning
main clause
If clause
For an imaginary situation in the past
Everything would have been all right
If less water had been taken
الترتيب ألقواعدي
Subject+would have+verb(past participle)
If + subject+verb (past perfect)
Use the following to make conditionals type ( 1/ 2 /3 ).
 1- If Arwa (not call out) to her brother Jihad, he (not turn) and (wave) back.
2- If he (not turn), he (see) the sign.
3- If he (see) the sign, he (stop) in time.
4-If he (not go on), the men (not shut) at him.
حل الجملة الثانية :
1. If he doesn't turn , he will see the sign .
2. If he didn't turn . he would see the sign .
3. If he hadn't turned , he would have seen the sign .
Unit Twelve
Reported speech
Pronoun changes
                                              theirs
ours

he / she
I
his/her
my

they
we
their
our

his/hers
mine

myself

him/her
me/you



them
us
you-me-I-me
you-us-we-us
you-her-she-her
you-him-he-him
you-them-they-them
your-us-our
your-her-her
your-him-his
your-them-their
immediately\then
now
time
later
soon
two days before\earlier
two days ago
that day
today
that night
tonight
the next\the following day
tomorrow
the previous day\the day before
yesterday
the night before
last night
There
( when what is referred to is clear) 
here
place


That place
this place
Those places
these places
go\take
come\bring
verb